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As of June 3, 2021, 60 of the 80 HARN stations have been completed. The original HARN stations are a higher accuracy station and provided the initial control from which all other horizontal stations in Wisconsin were surveyed from.
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One goal of the WisDOT’s GNSS Observation on Passive Stations Project is to get two observations on all original HARN stations or their replacements in Wisconsin. Stations not observed and processed by Decemwill have new coordinates that are transformed rather than calculated. This will ensure higher coordinate accuracy and preserve past investments in the passive control network. An additional benefit of participating in GPS on BM is that observed monuments will be automatically reprocessed and given new coordinates after NSRS modernization occurs.
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That said, data from horizontal-only marks are still useful to connect data to the new horizontal reference frame, NATRF2022. You can read Jacob’s in-depth article about GPS on BM here in the Winter 2021 edition of Hoosier Surveyor. On the horizontal side, the transformation between NAD 83 and NATRF2022 is more straightforward, so this type of high-density survey isn’t really necessary to build that transformation. Thus the priority list is composed of vertical marks. The initial goal of the campaign was to collect data to go into the transformation tools that will be used to tie NAVD 88 to NAPGD2022.
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GPS on BM will improve conversions from current horizontal and vertical datums to the North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (NATRF2022) and North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022) respectively.Īccording to Jacob Heck, NGS’s Great Lakes Regional Geodetic Advisor, the primary role of GPS on BM is to improve results for the vertical datum.
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Under this campaign, NGS is asking state and local surveyors to collect GPS observations on a series of priority monuments distributed across the country. The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) developed the GPS on Bench Marks (GPS on BM) campaign to help prepare for National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) modernization. Maps are screenshots from the NGS’s GPS on Bench Marks dashboard apps. Note: Mick Heberlein at the WisDOT Office of Surveying & Mapping provided most of the content for this article, including text and tables.
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Wisconsin Mapping Bulletin PDF Archives (1975 – 2003).Searchable Online News Archives (2003 – Present).WSRS2022: The Wisconsin Spatial Reference System 2022 Task Force.With specific chapters examining themes of interaction between human and software, gender and sexuality, exploration, narrative, cooperation, and creativity, this dissertation proposes that video games can be best understood as both collaborative representations and virtual environments. Using qualitative research methods, this dissertation analyzes the geographies online video gaming in relation to an original framework based on the mutually constitutive concepts of representation, exploration, and geographic narrative, as well as the intersecting roles of myth, fantasy, and the virtual in shaping narratively structured imaginative environments. While the virtual environments of video games can be fantastic, they are also designed and created by human beings to exist entirely in relation to the game player, who is an adventurer, explorer, settler, civilizer, or conqueror. Wright (1947), "terrae incognitae," or unknown lands, capture the imagination and inspire an excitement to explore and learn, but with a reduction in travel times and subsequent expansions of potential travel range, along with growth in media and the development of the video game industry, for many, terrae incognitae has shifted from places on Earth to the intangible environments of interactive media.